This article was originally published in Knowable Magazine.
Hana aced her memory test. After viewing the contents of three identical boxes arrayed in an arc on the back deck of her home, the three-year-old Cavalier King Charles spaniel had to remember which box held a treat—a task she learned after just a few trials.
Hana and her human companion, Masami Shimizu-Albergine of Bainbridge Island, Washington, are helping scientists to learn something, too: when dog smarts reach their peak, and how they decline with age.
Hana is part of a pack that has grown to nearly 40,000 pet dogs enrolled in a citizen-science initiative known as the Dog Aging Project, which was founded in 2014. Understanding the biology of aging in companion dogs is one of two main goals of the project, says one of the co-founders and co-directors Matt Kaeberlein, a pathologist at the University of Washington who focuses on aging. “The other is to do something about it.”
Through veterinary records, DNA samples, health questionnaires, and cognitive tests (such as Hana’s treat-finding challenge), the University of Washington and Texas A&M University’s joint initiative will track many aspects of dogs’ lives over time. Smaller subsets of the dogs, including Hana, will participate in more focused studies and more extensive evaluations. From all of this, scientists hope to spot patterns and links between lifestyles and health from puppyhood to the golden years.
The effort joins the Family Dog Project, which was spearheaded in the 1990s at Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) in Budapest to study “the behavioral and cognitive aspects of the dog-human relationship,” with tens of thousands of canines participating through the decades. The two projects have begun collaborating across continents, and the scientists hope that such a large combined group of dogs can help them tease out genetic and environmental factors that affect how long dogs live and how much of that time is spent in good health.
With estimates of the number of pet dogs in the world reaching into the hundreds of millions, understanding how they age is important in its own right to help improve their lives and the care they receive. But following the life journeys of some of these canine companions could provide hints that help people age more healthily as well.
Because human aging takes place over many decades, studying the biology of that process is challenging. It means tracking people for 50, 60, 70 years or more, which can be laborious and expensive. Dogs, in contrast, age quickly. “This sucks for people who love their dogs,” Kaeberlein, a lifelong dog lover, says. But it makes dogs an excellent model system for studying aging. (Dog lifespan is strongly linked to body size, with Bernese mountain dogs averaging seven years and Chihuahuas nearly doubling that at 13 years; broadly speaking, however, a 70-year study in people would be roughly equivalent to one dog decade.)
Studying dogs has other advantages as well. Their genetic diversity makes them better animal models than the inbred strains of mice often used in aging research. And though scientists tend to want to study their subjects in the controlled environment of a laboratory, the fact that pet dogs live in highly variable homes alongside people is actually beneficial when trying to glean insights that transfer to human aging. You can’t model a complex human environment in the laboratory—but if you study pet dogs, Kaeberlein says, there’s no need to.
Scientists had long considered dogs to be “artificial animals” with unnatural behavior, the ELTE ethologist Enikő Kubinyi, who has studied cognition in pet dogs for decades, says. In fact, Kubinyi says, when the Family Dog Project (to which she contributes) was pioneered by a group of Hungarian ethologists in 1994, many thought the idea was ridiculous. But attitudes have started to change. To date, the project has produced dozens of studies exploring dog behavior, genetics, and neurobiology across breeds and over time.
The Dog Aging Project, for its part, has conducted a small-scale clinical trial of 24 companion dogs. The study, published in 2017, looked at the effects of a drug called rapamycin; used in people to combat rejection of transplanted organs, it has also been shown to extend the lifespan of yeast, roundworms, fruit flies, and mice. Heart scans revealed that dogs that had received rapamycin in the study had improved heart function compared to dogs that got a placebo. Since then, the Dog Aging Project has begun a larger, longer-term rapamycin trial as part of its goal to study the biology of how dogs age more broadly.
Brain health is a key part of that. “There’s a lot we just don’t know about how dog cognition changes with age,” says the comparative psychologist Evan MacLean, the director of the Arizona Canine Cognition Center at the University of Arizona, in Tucson, and a collaborator on the Dog Aging Project. What is normal cognitive aging? Do early memory impairments signal later dementia? A longer-term aim, MacLean says, is to identify early interventions that could slow deterioration.
As part of that goal, MacLean’s collaborator Emily Bray, a psychologist at the University of Arizona and at the service-dog organization Canine Companions, is designing a battery of cognitive tests for dogs based on rodent-cognition studies (it includes the “one-two-three-treat” test that Hana performed). Some of these tests require the dogs to learn to interact with another ubiquitous fixture in the human environment: touch screens.
One test designed to study memory and learning, for example, involves three brightly colored, boldly patterned squares that dogs have been trained to associate with a specific location on the screen. During the test, dogs face a screen inside a wooden box and are supposed to touch the square with their noses only when it appears in its correct spot. Bray’s tests explore normal cognitive functioning, but they also target skills that may change with age and are dependent on brain regions affected by Alzheimer’s disease in people and its analogue—canine cognitive dysfunction—in dogs. Dogs—who, based on their tail wagging, learn to love screen time—will be periodically tested to see how their memory and learning abilities hold up over time.
In another study, the two citizen-science projects worked together and found, with the help of pet dogs donated postmortem, that older dogs and those that exhibited dementia-like behaviors had increased levels in their brain of amyloid beta—a misfolded protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease in people. Most animal studies of Alzheimer’s disease have used mice that are genetically modified to develop dementia. But because dogs seem to develop canine cognitive dysfunction naturally, as we do with Alzheimer’s, the researchers hope that their ongoing work with dog brains may also reveal clues that further understanding of the human disease.
One of the strengths of tracking so many dogs over their lifetimes is that scientists will have enough data to start teasing out correlations among the aging process and dogs’ lifestyles, environments, and habits. One factor they are looking closely at is physical activity, which has been shown to protect against brain aging in people. Emerging results based on a survey of participants in the Dog Aging Project suggest the same may be true for dogs. To test the link, some of the participating dogs will wear a device “like a Fitbit, but for a dog,” Bray says.
Calorie restriction is also a hot topic in aging research: Scientists have shown that eating less and restricting when food is eaten can extend the lives of laboratory animals such as mice. But outside of the controlled conditions of a lab, the picture is murkier. To help clear things up, Bray is leading a study comparing the eating habits of more than 10,000 dogs of multiple ages, sizes, and breeds.
The results show that dogs fed just once daily—8 percent of the total—were healthier on average. These single-meal dogs had fewer gastrointestinal, dental, orthopedic, kidney, urinary, and other disorders than dogs fed two or more times a day. They also performed slightly better on cognitive tests. It’s unclear how eating less frequently improves cognition, Bray says, but the effect was stark: roughly the difference in average cognitive scores between seven- and 11-year-old dogs.
So what’s going on inside dogs’ brains as they age? The Family Dog Project scientists in Hungary are tracking that. They have scanned dogs’ brains with EEGs and even trained dogs to stay still inside an fMRI machine, revealing that, like humans, their brains shrink with age.
In a similar imaging study, the veterinary neurologist Stephanie McGrath at Colorado State University performs MRI scans on participants in the Dog Aging Project, looking for features that may connect brain shrinkage and other physical changes to dementia in older dogs. Most exciting, she says, is that her work suggests MRI might one day be used as an early-detection tool.
Elderly people have long been subject to ageism and dismissal. Older dogs are no different, says the University of Milan veterinarian Patrizia Piotti, a former collaborator on the Family Dog Project. Her research on problem-solving, memory, and attention in dogs as they age has contributed to a body of work suggesting that though it is more challenging to teach an old dog a new trick, it may benefit their cognition to keep trying.
And, in fact, not all new tricks are harder for older dogs, according to researchers from the Clever Dog Lab at the Messerli Research Institute, in Vienna. The comparative-cognition expert Zsófia Virányi and her former student Durga Chapagain gave 119 pet dogs a series of 11 cognition tests involving tasks such as viewing pictures, playing, finding hidden food, and manipulating toys. They found that traits such as problem-solving ability, boldness, and playfulness declined predictably with age. But in a task where dogs had to learn to make eye contact with the trainer after finding and eating a piece of sausage dropped on the floor—a behavior rewarded with another piece of sausage—older dogs performed just as well.
This shows that we shouldn’t underestimate the mental capacities of senior dogs, Chapagain says. As dogs get older, “we are less inclined to play with them,” she says—but they may have the same motivation as younger dogs to keep learning (at least when sausage is involved). “They are capable of much more than we think,” Chapagain says. People should keep their canine companions engaged with mental exercises, such as trick training, and nose work—such as hiding treats for a game of sniff-and-seek—throughout their lives, Piotti adds. “Anything that makes the dog think a little bit.”
Opportunity for older dogs motivated Titania Juang to enroll her dog, Cash, in the Dog Aging Project in 2019. Since he was adopted as a rescue in 2010 at age two or three, Juang recalls, Cash was a quirky character, preferring fruits and vegetables to meat. “He liked to walk really slowly … literally stopping to smell the flowers, looking out into the distance,” she says. Even as a youngster, Juang says, he acted a bit like an old man.
Cash passed away in 2021, but his canine scientific contribution lives on, helping science and medicine move forward. That brings some comfort to Juang: “He is no longer here, but it adds more value to his time with us.”
Kaeberlein can empathize with the loss of a beloved aged pet. He had dogs in the family all his life, but his two passions—pet dogs and aging research—only recently came together. Sadly, Kaeberlein lost two of his three dogs during the pandemic; Dobby, a German shepherd and participant in the Dog Aging Project, remains. Named for his elf-like appearance as a puppy, Dobby is all ears. And so is Kaeberlein—to see what scientific secrets dog-aging research reveals over time.